Climatefriendlier air conditioning chemicals hard to find, study shows. Huber physical and chemical properties division, national institute of. Classify refrigerants into primary and secondary, and discuss the important differences between primary and secondary refrigerants. Refrigerants of this class are those that cool substances, absorbing their reasonable heats. Pdf thermophysical properties of compressor oils for.
Xoj 9617 sltlvd l l09l seqjeselolt\\l phll l thermophysical properties of liquid secondary refrigerants. After studying this unit, you should be able to learn the different classifications of refrigerants, naming convention for refrigerants, properties of individual refrigerants, and. Safety rules for the application of hydrocarbon refrigerants. This paper summarizes the impact of thermophysical properties on refrigerant selection for two primary r22 replacement candidates, namely hfc404a and. Characteristics of refrigerants pure r12 cc 1425f425 is colorless. Properties of refrigerant r22 saturated liquid and saturated vapor both imperial and metric units. The refrigerants are expensive and have negative environmental impacts when released to the atmosphere. Accurate thermophysical properties are available for several fluids. Selection tips for environmentally safe refrigerants.
The gwp used as a reference here is the gwp of co 2 over an integration period of 100 years. Pdf thermodynamic properties of refrigerant r116 from cubic. New tables of the thermodynamic properties of hfc4a have been developed and are presented here. Refrigerants are widely used in refrigeration cycle where cooling effect below the atmospheric temperatures are needed.
This is a haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to r12 dichlorodifluoromethane but with insignificant ozone depletion. Properties of refrigerants n low boiling point and high latent heat of vaporization n dense vapor n low toxicity n non flammable n low miscibility with oil. This work presents an experimental study on various thermophysical properties of a new refrigerant mixture of 65 mass % r365mfc 1,1,1,3,3pentafluorobutane and 35 mass % galden ht 55 perfluoropolyether, whose azeotropic character was confirmed in the present investigations. Engineering toolbox resources, tools and basic information for engineering and design of technical applications. Icr0443 international congress of refrigeration 2003, washington, d. X steam, thermodynamic properties of water and steam. Goodwin10 developed a set of spreadsheet calculations of thermodynamic properties. Spanich, according to the german energy agency, the operation of ventilation and airconditioning systems accounts for around 20 percent of all energy consumed by commercial buildings. Table 51 lists the characteristics of a typical refrigerants. Airconditioning with natural refrigerants interview with thomas spanich, member of the board at eurammon, the european initiative for natural refrigerants mr. Iir conference on thermophysical properties and transport processes of refrigerants keynote talk and paper p. Comparison of specific volumes up to 5 degrees f five refrigerants we chose.
Singlecompound refrigerants september 1999 prepared by james m. Air2 1 isopentane 14 refrigerant 28 ammonia 2 lithium 15 refrigerant 14 29. The choice of perfect refrigerant is made in view of its ideal thermodynamic properties, nondestructive nature, and security nonharmful and noncombustible. It is consistent with and is intended to complement iso 817. The most common hfc refrigerants available since the ban on hcfcs are presented in table 5. R22 light green r4a light sky blue r404a orange the name label of the gases are given on the cylinder. Albeit numerous liquids can be utilized as a refrigerant, however in the twentieth century, cfcs turned into the most prevalent refrigerants. It has remained the main refrigerant used in industrial refrigeration systems because of its superior thermodynamic properties and low cost. The refrigerants have a thermodynamic property chart on pressureenthalpy coordinates with an abbreviated set of tabular data for saturated liquid and vapor on the facing page. Thermophysical properties of a refrigerant mixture of.
Thermophysical properties of liquid secondary refrigerants. The earliest mechanical refrigeration used air as a working fluid. The brines considered here are aqueous solutions of ethylene glycol and of propylene glycol, which happen to be two of the most common in refrigeration, heat pump, air conditioning and solar thermal applications. The refrigerant in any refrigerator or air conditioner flows continuously through the vapor compression cycle, absorbing the heat in the evaporator and releasing it in the condenser. Sep 17, 2014 color codes of refrigerants easy recognize gas cylinder different refrigerant has different color coding few examples are given below. Policylegislation on fgases and alternatives two environmental frameworks one goal the montreal protocol and the kyoto protocol. R600a isobutane thermophysical properties technische. Linde strongly advocates the use of refrigerant gases with zero ozone depletion potential and fully supports the phase out of hcfcs. In higher concentrations, its odor resembles that of carbon tetrachloride.
A thermodynamic chart on pressureenthalpy coordinates is presented as well as an abbreviated set of tabular data for saturated liquid and vapor. One way of reducing the amount of these refrigerants and the risk of leakage is to chill a secondary refrigerant, such as glycol or brine, in a centralized plant room and circulate this rather than the primary refrigerant. A sample spreadsheet is included that demonstrates how the refprop dll can be linked to excel. Thermophysical properties of refrigerant r4a sciencedirect. Refrigerants and read with me bible pdf refrigerating systems which are practicable but which do not at.
A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration. Refrigerants refrigeration systems and applications. Current longterm alternative refrigerants and their possible. Thermodynamic properties of refrigerants r11, r12, r. The purpose of this international standard is to address the differing performance ratings due to the differences between multiple property formulations, which is a problem especially in international trade. Positively innovative refrigerants r32 daikin chemical europe. Thermophysical properties of refrigerants by american society of heating, refrigerating and airconditioning engineers. This article describes thermodynamic properties of the refrigerants the ideal refrigerant. Kanaev the odessa institute of lowtemperature engineering and energetics, petra velikogo street l3, 270057, odessa, cis received 24 july 1990. The flash algorithms in dwsim are the components responsible for determining a particular set of phases at thermodynamic equilibrium, their. The thermodynamic properties are interrelated and mainly depend on normal boiling point, critical temperature, molecular weight and structure. This site is like a library, you could find million book here by using search box in the header. Earth thermophysics is a branch of geophysics that uses the naturally occurring surface temperature as a function of the cyclical variation in solar radiation to characterise planetary material properties. Federal funding supporting this project constitutes 93.
More than a dozen chemical blends could serve as alternative refrigerants that wont heat the atmosphere as much as. The chapter offers information on thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants. The content of the open access version may differ from that of the licensed version. Thermophysical properties of fluids mechanical engineers. Ashraenist refrigerant conference invited talk and paper m. Isobutane r600a these data are derived from the brochure thermodynamic and physical properties of r600a published by the iir. Affecting this degradation are a refrigerants critical temperature and molar heat. New, natural and alternative refrigerants by dr s f pearson of star refrigeration limited introduction it is an honour to be invited to present this paper despite the rather daunting title. Thermophysical properties of compressor oils for refrigerating plant article pdf available in lubrication science 252.
The hydrofluorocarbons are refrigerants that contain no chlorine and are not harmful to the ozone layer odp 0, see section 5. Whenever we choose them for particular use properties of refrigerants also plays a vital role in economic and environmental friendly application. In the last two centuries, human ingenuity made it possible to control fully. This informatory note first provides the characteristics of the main lowgwp refrigerants that. We tried to write a book to provide a fundamental understanding of physical properties of foods. Natural refrigerants sustainable ozone and climatefriendly alternatives to hcfcs introduction dr. Related commercial resources ashrae handbook fundamentals chapter. However, their impact on global warming is very large compared with traditional refrigerants.
Refrigerants properties pdf product data summary and thermodynamic tables. It has a boiling point of 21f at atmospheric pressure. Refrigerants r402a, r402b, and r404a properties, uses. The chapter also included tabular data superheated vapor region for r4a refrigerant. Toxicity classification of refrigerants is assigned to classes a or b. Discuss refrigerant selection criteria based on thermodynamic, thermophysical, environmental and economic properties. Describe the numbering system used for designating refrigerants. This project was made possible with american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 funds. The desired thermodynamic properties are a boiling point somewhat below. The fortran subroutines and associated fluid data files are provided for those wishing to access refprop calculations from their own applications. This class includes those refrigerants thats cool by means of absorption or extraction of heat from substances, cooled by the absorption of their latent heat. The specific volume of the refrigerant is the number of cubic feet of gas, which is formed when one pound of refrigerant evaporates. New tables of the thermodynamic properties of dupont. These physical properties of refrigerants help us select the proper refrigerant for the application as per our requirement.
Adobe pdf users will recognize the similarity to the. A number of materials have physical and thermodynamic properties suitable for their use as refrigerants. R22 properties pdf tables of the thermodynamic properties of dupont freon. Pdf refrigeration and airconditioning play a vital role in domestic and industrial applications.
This chapter presents data for thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants, arranged for the occasional user. R410a refrigerant pdf thermodynamic properties of dupont suva410a refrigerant. No companies have listed products specifically related to this chapters topic. State equation, equation of saturated vapor pressure, equation of liquid volume, equation of specific heat capacity, enthalpy and entropy for r11, r12. New tables of the thermodynamic properties of hfc4a reader for pdf files. Corresponding to the table of the property functions in chapter 1 you ptu distance education prospectus pdf have to call up the function. Thermophysical properties of refrigerants t his chapter presents data for thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants, arra nged for the occasional user. The journal of physical chemistry b 2012, 116 19, 57445751. Refrigerants color codes refrigerants and their color codes. Volkmar hasse, gtz proklima, germany preface volkmar hasse, gtz proklima i.
The refrigerants have a thermodynamic property chart on pressureenthalpy coordinates with an abbreviated set of tabular data for saturated liquid and vapor on the faci ng page. Selection tips for environmentally safe refrigerants a refrigerant is a fluid used in a refrigeration system to extract heat at low temperature and low pressure during evaporation and reject heat at high temperature and high pressure during condensation. Thermodynamic properties of duponttm freonr 22 refrigerant. Greenhouse effect global warming clean air act caa alternative refrigerants. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it.
Thermodynamic properties of refrigerant r4a, also known as 1,1,1,2tetrafluoroethane, r4a, freon 4a, forane 4a, genetron 4a, florasol 4a, suva 4a or hfc4a and norflurane inn. Desirable properties of refrigerants chemical engineering site. Purpose the refrigerant database is an information system on alternative refrigerants. Many different refrigerants have been used in the past and are in use today with good ability to transfer heat from one place to another. There is an open access version for this licensed article that can be read free of charge and without license restrictions. Comparison of environmental impacts and physical properties of refrigerants ko matsunaga executive summary even before the invention of refrigeration, people wanted to improve their life by using ice to provide cold drinks and preserve food. The thermophysical properties of the brines influence the energy transport processes and so affect the performance of plants and equipment. In fact, from the thermodynamic or heatcarrying standpoint, differences among refrigerants with similar. Refrigerant r4a thermodynamic properties eng units 2 equations the mbwr equation of state was used to calculate the tables of thermodynamic properties. R404a refrigerant properties pdf r404a is a blend of hfc refrigerants commonly used for medium and low. Physical properties of refrigerants molecular weight, boiling, freezing and critical points. Structural and dynamic properties of the new alternative refrigerant 2,3,3,3tetrafluoro1propene hfo1234yf in the liquid state. The refrigerants have a thermodynamic property charge. R22 and r410a split airconditioning systems were tested and compared as.
It was chosen as the preferred equation of state because it provided the most accurate. This section presents data for the thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants, arranged for the occasional users. It is odorless in concentrations of less than 20 percent by volume in air. Calm engineering consultant 10887 woodleaf lane great falls, va 220663003 usa for the airconditioning and refrigeration technology institute 4301 north fairfax drive, suite 425 arlington, va 22203 usa. Thermophysics in general is the geological application of thermal physics which is related to the classical physics study of thermal science remote sensing. This unit is intended to serve as an introductory guide to the study of refrigerants. Funding from the air conditioning and refrigeration industry supporting the project consists of direct cost sharing of 6. Thermophysical properties of refrigerant 22 at atmospheric pressure. Thermodynamic properties of duponttm freonr 12 r12. Iir conference on thermophysical properties and transport processes of refrigerants. In addition, engineering concepts and physical chemistry knowledge are not combined in these books. Refrigerating capacity, energy demand, temperature properties and pressure levels are comparable, at least.
Technical information at22 thermodynamic properties of dupontz freon. Safety properties of refrigerants considering flammability and toxicity are defined by ashrae standard 34 1. This information is based on values calculated using the nist refprop database mclinden, m. Thus, in the design and performance estimation of components, equipment and plants these external influences should be considered. This is an important factor to consider when choosing the size of refrigeratorssystem components. Natural refrigerants was developed as a joint effort between the national renewable energy laboratory nrel and cta architects engineers. Uses the freon hp refrigerants can be used in virtually all r502based applications, either as a result of retrofitting existing equipment that uses r502 or following development of. Thermophysical properties of refrigerants 1976 edition. Refrigeration n changes phase due to change in pressure n most common cryogens are n solid carbon dioxide n liquid carbon cook chill systems n used to replace warm. Spreadsheet calculations of thermodynamic properties. Thermodynamic properties of saturated refrigerant 4a. Institut international du froid international institute of refrigeration 1 7, bou l ev a rd m sh 75017, paris, france tel. This report provides citations and summaries from the arti refrigerant database from the recently added and key citations file. It is one of a series prepared to provide a record of the database entries in printed form.
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